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AP World History: Modern

2023 AP World DBQ (Set 1): Foreign involvement and the collapse of the Qing Empire

The task (paraphrased)

Evaluate how far foreign involvement led to the collapse of the Qing Empire.

Exact wording and all 7 documents: official College Board PDF

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The 7 documents

  1. Petition from two local officials in Rong district, Guangxi province, to the provincial governor, circa 1850
  2. Karl Marx, “Revolution in China and in Europe,” New York Daily Tribune, 1853
  3. Qing Foreign Office, policy letter to all Chinese embassies abroad, 1878
  4. Village elders in Caozhou district, Shandong province, report to the provincial government, 1896
  5. Chinese Alliance Association, “Revolutionary Proclamation,” 1907
  6. Anonymous artist, “A Look at China Now and in the Past,” cartoon, Shenzhou Ribao, Shanghai, 1911
  7. Abdication decree of the child emperor Puyi, issued by Empress Dowager Longyu, 1912

To earn both document points, use at least 4 of these to support your argument - not just summarize them.

Contextualization ideas

  • Eighteenth-century population growth strained the Qing state's ability to govern and feed its people.
  • The Canton System restricted Western trade, and Britain's trade deficit drove the growth of opium smuggling.

Describe one of these in 2-3 sentences and connect it to the prompt - a passing mention won't earn the point.

Evidence beyond the documents

  • The Opium Wars and the Treaty of Nanjing (1842)
  • The Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864)
  • The Self-Strengthening Movement and its limits
  • Defeat in the Sino-Japanese War (Treaty of Shimonoseki, 1895) and the Boxer Protocol (1901)

Pick one, explain it specifically, and use it to support your argument.

A sample defensible thesis

Foreign involvement - military defeats, unequal treaties and economic penetration - was a major cause of the Qing collapse, but it brought the dynasty down mainly by worsening internal problems such as massive rebellions, failed reforms and rising Han nationalism.

Written by us as an example of the structure that earns the point (a claim plus a line of reasoning) - write your own.

Sourcing (HIPP) example

The Chinese Alliance Association's 1907 proclamation was written by young revolutionaries studying abroad, whose purpose of overthrowing the Manchu dynasty explains why it blames the Qing for both foreign humiliation and internal decline.

Do this for at least 2 documents to earn the sourcing point.

A route to the complexity point

Show how foreign and internal causes reinforced each other (opium and indemnities draining revenue that rebellions also strained), or compare the Qing collapse with the Ottoman Empire's decline under similar pressures.

More AP World DBQs

The question and documents are published by the College Board. The task above is our paraphrase; the coaching notes are DBQGrader's own. DBQGrader is not affiliated with or endorsed by the College Board.