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AP European History

2023 AP Euro DBQ (Set 2): Causes of the Haitian Revolution

The task (paraphrased)

Evaluate whether the Haitian Revolution was caused mainly by the spread of Enlightenment ideas or by the conditions of enslavement.

Exact wording and all 7 documents: official College Board PDF

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The 7 documents

  1. Society of the Friends of the Blacks, address to the French National Assembly on abolishing the slave trade, February 1790
  2. Louise Larchevesque-Thibaud, letter to her husband, a deputy representing Haiti in the National Assembly, November 1790
  3. Dutty Boukman, Vodou priest and rebel leader, sermon at a rebels' planning meeting, 1791
  4. Jean-François Papillon and Georges Biassou, rebel leaders, letter to French government representatives, December 1791
  5. Thomas Clarkson, British abolitionist, pamphlet on the insurrection in Saint-Domingue, 1792
  6. F. Bonneville, French artist, engraving In Freedom Like You, 1793
  7. Toussaint L'Ouverture, address to soldiers on the destruction of slavery, 1797

To earn both document points, use at least 4 of these to support your argument - not just summarize them.

Contextualization ideas

  • Saint-Domingue was France's richest colony, a sugar and coffee economy built on hundreds of thousands of enslaved Africans.
  • The French Revolution and the Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789) spread the language of liberty and equality across the Atlantic.

Describe one of these in 2-3 sentences and connect it to the prompt - a passing mention won't earn the point.

Evidence beyond the documents

  • The Code Noir (1685) regulating slavery in French colonies
  • Vincent Ogé's revolt of free people of color (1790)
  • Sonthonax's emancipation decree (1793) and the National Convention's abolition of slavery (1794)
  • Napoleon's Leclerc expedition (1802) and Haitian independence under Dessalines (1804)

Pick one, explain it specifically, and use it to support your argument.

A sample defensible thesis

The Haitian Revolution was caused mainly by the brutal conditions of enslavement, which gave enslaved people every reason to revolt, but Enlightenment and French revolutionary ideas shaped when it began and how its leaders justified and expanded it.

Written by us as an example of the structure that earns the point (a claim plus a line of reasoning) - write your own.

Sourcing (HIPP) example

Boukman spoke as a Vodou priest to rebels planning an uprising, so his purpose of uniting enslaved people for revolt explains why his sermon appeals to religion and the suffering of slavery rather than to French revolutionary principles.

Do this for at least 2 documents to earn the sourcing point.

A route to the complexity point

Distinguish the motives of different groups (enslaved rebels, free people of color, white planters), or show how leaders like Toussaint used Enlightenment language strategically to win French support.

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