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AP European History

2024 AP Euro DBQ (Set 2): Italian fascism: revolutionary or traditional?

The task (paraphrased)

Evaluate whether Italian fascism was a revolutionary movement or a traditional one.

Exact wording and all 7 documents: official College Board PDF

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The 7 documents

  1. Benito Mussolini, speech announcing the Fascist fighting squads in Milan, 1919
  2. Enrico Corradini, Fascist senator, editorial in a political journal, 1925
  3. Newspaper cover showing Mussolini and a papal representative signing a treaty, 1929
  4. Edoardo Persico, architect and critic, article on the exhibition for the tenth anniversary of the Fascist takeover, 1932
  5. Achille Starace, Fascist Party secretary, book on the party's National Recreational Clubs, 1933
  6. Article on Mother and Child Day, Fascist party magazine for women, 1935
  7. Alba Pochino, official in a Fascist women's organization, article on its uniform, 1938

To earn both document points, use at least 4 of these to support your argument - not just summarize them.

Contextualization ideas

  • Italy's “mutilated victory” after the First World War and postwar strikes and unrest discredited the liberal government.
  • Italian unification in the 1800s left a weak parliamentary state and a long conflict with the papacy.

Describe one of these in 2-3 sentences and connect it to the prompt - a passing mention won't earn the point.

Evidence beyond the documents

  • The March on Rome (1922)
  • The Acerbo Law (1923) and the murder of Giacomo Matteotti (1924)
  • The corporate state and the Charter of Labour (1927)
  • The invasion of Ethiopia (1935) and the Racial Laws (1938)

Pick one, explain it specifically, and use it to support your argument.

A sample defensible thesis

Italian fascism presented itself as a revolutionary movement, using new mass organizations, modern propaganda and a one-party state, but in practice it was largely traditional, allying with the Church, the monarchy and big business and promoting conservative family roles for women.

Written by us as an example of the structure that earns the point (a claim plus a line of reasoning) - write your own.

Sourcing (HIPP) example

Mussolini gave his 1919 speech while founding a new movement that needed recruits from veterans and radicals, so his purpose explains its revolutionary tone - a tone the regime later softened once in power.

Do this for at least 2 documents to earn the sourcing point.

A route to the complexity point

Show change over time (radical rhetoric in 1919 versus compromise with elites by the late 1920s), or compare Italian fascism with Nazi Germany's more thoroughly revolutionary racial program.

More AP Euro DBQs

The question and documents are published by the College Board. The task above is our paraphrase; the coaching notes are DBQGrader's own. DBQGrader is not affiliated with or endorsed by the College Board.