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AP US History

2023 APUSH DBQ (Set 2): Changing definitions of U.S. citizenship, 1865–1920

The task (paraphrased)

Evaluate how much definitions of United States citizenship changed from 1865 to 1920.

Exact wording and all 7 documents: official College Board PDF

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The 7 documents

  1. Sojourner Truth, speech to the American Equal Rights Association, 1867
  2. Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior, annual report, 1887
  3. U.S. Supreme Court ruling, United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 1898
  4. U.S. Supreme Court ruling, Downes v. Bidwell, 1901
  5. W. E. B. Du Bois, “A Philosophy for 1913,” The Crisis, 1913
  6. Jones-Shafroth Act, 1917
  7. “National Americanization Day” poster, circa 1915–1919

To earn both document points, use at least 4 of these to support your argument - not just summarize them.

Contextualization ideas

  • Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) had declared that Black Americans could not be citizens.
  • Emancipation and Union victory in the Civil War forced the question of who counted as a citizen.

Describe one of these in 2-3 sentences and connect it to the prompt - a passing mention won't earn the point.

Evidence beyond the documents

  • The 14th Amendment (1868) and the 15th Amendment (1870)
  • The Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
  • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and Jim Crow disfranchisement
  • The 19th Amendment (1920)

Pick one, explain it specifically, and use it to support your argument.

A sample defensible thesis

From 1865 to 1920 the legal definition of U.S. citizenship expanded through the 14th Amendment and birthright citizenship, but the practical meaning of citizenship narrowed for many groups through segregation, disfranchisement, exclusion and second-class status in new overseas territories.

Written by us as an example of the structure that earns the point (a claim plus a line of reasoning) - write your own.

Sourcing (HIPP) example

The Americanization Day poster was produced during the First World War era to reach immigrant communities, and its purpose of promoting loyalty and assimilation shows citizenship being redefined around cultural conformity, not just legal status.

Do this for at least 2 documents to earn the sourcing point.

A route to the complexity point

Distinguish formal legal citizenship from the rights citizens could actually exercise, or connect the period to the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 and the civil rights movement.

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